Birding in Vilcabamba, Ecuador.

In the upper reaches of the Yamburara Valley, Las Palmas Nature Reserve is a birders paradise. Our easy bird guide, produced from a study funded by the Nature Conservancies parks in peril program, documents over 160 bird species recorded in the Las Palmas area, with a small note pointing to the most obvious characteristics of each species. We also have a library of pictures for most of the birds. Of particular interest at Las Palmas is a population of the endangered Bearded Guan which is often heard calling in the morning and regularly seen along the trails. Other endangered species include the Red-faced Parrot, the Golden-plumed Parakeet and the near threatened Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan
The drier scrub forests and thickets around the Cabaņas Rio Yambala also support their own interesting Avifauna, harboring several tumbesian dry forest endemics. Bird lists are also available.

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1. Tawny-breasted Tinamou
   Nothocercus julius
   38cm, plump secretive bird of forest floors. Chestnut brown. Call a two-note whistle. Hard to find

2. Andean Teal
   Anas andium
   40cm, highland duck will only be found at the paramo lakes. Fairly common

3. Turkey Vulture
   Cathartes aura
   Wingspan 180cm. 2-tone black and grey. Head naked red. Uncommon

4. Swallow-tailed Kite
   Elanoides forficatus
   Unmistakable by deeply forked tail and 'clean' black and white plumage. Uncommon

5. Plain-breasted Hawk
   Accipiter ventralis
   Apparently fairly common, but no other information available

6. Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle
   Geranoaetus melanoleucus
   Large eagle-sized hawk, often seen soaring in pairs. Mostly dark, paler shoulders. Uncommon

7. Short-tailed Hawk
   Buteo brachyurus
   Small, compact hawk. Rare over open to forested terrain

8. Red-backed Hawk
   Buteo polyosoma
   Variable coloration depending on age and difficult to identify in field. Uncommon

9. Solitary Eagle
   Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
   Large, entirely dark grey with 1 median white tail band. Rare

10. Black and chestnut Eagle
    Oroaetus isidori
    Adult - entire head, neck, upperparts black, underparts chestnut. Wingspan 175cm. Rare

11. Bearded Guan
    Penelope barbata
    Endangered, but quite common. 55cm, pheasant-like. Call when disturbed a yelping clu-clu-clu

12. Sickle-winged Guan
    Champaepetes goudotii
    Recorded here, but no recent records. 55-65cm. Distinctive blue face, rest dark. Very rare

13. Andean Gull
    Larus serranus
    46cm, mainly white with black face and forehead. Unmistakable - 'seagull' at paramo lakes
    

    Pigeons

14. Band-tailed Pigeon
    Columba fasciata
    35cm, large. Grey with distinctive white line running across back of neck. Very common

15. Common Ground-Dove
    Columbina passerina
    16cm, ground dwelling, only flying when disturbed. Neck and breast have 'scaled' appearance. Uncommon

16. Croaking Ground-Dove
    Columbina cruziana
    15cm, small, light grey/brown with pale blue/grey head. Call croaking tweorr. Uncommon

17. White-tipped Dove
    Leptotila verreauxi
    29cm, above greyish/brown, below pinkish grey fading to whitish throat. Uncommon

18. White-throated Quail-Dove
    Geotrygon frenata
    34cm, mostly on ground. Throat/head greyish /blue, above dark ruddy brown. Uncommon
    

    Parrots

19. Golden-plumed Parakeet
    Leptosittaca branickii
    Endangered and very nomadic. 35cm, green, pointed tail, flocks of 30 seen, noisy. Very rare

20. Barred Parakeet
    Bolborhynchus lineola
    17cm, small, green, pointed tail. One record from this area, so occasional visitor

21. Red-faced Parrot
    Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops
    23cm, endangered, but fairly common here. Short tail, red on face and shoulder, rest green

22. White-capped Parrot
    Pionus seniloides
    29cm, head and neck white into greyish white, head appears 'dirty', rest mainly green. Fairly common

23. Scaly-naped Amazon
    Amazona mercenaria
    34cm, stocky green parrot, no obvious markings, short tail, 'stiff winged' in flight. Uncommon

24. Squirrel Cuckoo
    Piaya cayana
    43 cm, chestnut above, very long tail with large white 'spots' on underside. Uncommon

25. Smooth-billed Ani
    Crotophaga ani
    33 cm, all dull black, large. Thick, arched bill. Common in open pasture and clearings
    

    Owls

26. Andean Pygmy-Owl
    Glaucidium jardinii
    Small 15cm, occasionally seen during day, not likely confused due to size. Uncommon

27. Rufous-banded Owl
    Ciccaba albitarsus
    35cm, compact, no ear tufts. Nocturnal, call series of deep hoots, hu, hu, hu, repeated. Rare

28. Stygian Owl
    Asio stygius
    42cm, long ear tufts, body dark. Active at dusk. Call well spaced loud and low hu or hu-hu

29. Rufous-bellied Nighthawk
    Lurocalis rufiventris
    22cm, long pointed wings, short tail, blackish above, active at dusk. Not often seen

30. White-collared Swift
    Streptoprocne zonaris
    20cm, large, black with very obvious white ring all around neck. Common circling in valleys

31. Chestnut-collared Swift
    Cypseloides rutilus
    15cm, smaller with broad rufous collar, hard to identify in flight. Often seen circling

32. Chimney Swift
    Chaetura pelagica
    Migrant from N.America. 14cm, greyish brown above, throat pale. Uncommon
    

    Hummingbirds

33. Tawny-bellied Hermit
    Phaetornis syrmatophorus
    13cm, very long curved bill, bronzy above, tawny below. Inhabits humid forest. Common

34. Blue-fronted Lancebill
    Doryfera johannae
    8.6cm, long bill, appears dark, forecrown glittering violet. Uncommon in humid forest

35. Sparkling Violetear
    Colibri coruscans
    14cm, bill slightly curved, green with violet blue 'chin-strap' to ears. Common in open areas

36. Blue-tailed Emerald
    Chlorostilbon mellisugus
    7.7cm, straight bill, mostly green, deep blue forked tail. Common in open areas

37. Amazilia Hummingbird
    Amazilia amazilia
    8cm, bill slightly curved, dull green, chestnut on lower chest and tail. Uncommon in open areas

38. Speckled Hummingbird
    Adelomyia melangenys
    10cm, bill short and straight, dull green, buff streak on face, buff below. Common

39. Shining Sunbeam
    Aglaeactis cupripennis
    11.4cm, mainly cinnamon, lower back rosy violet. At treeline/paramo habitat. Common in range

40. Mountain Velvetbreast
    Lafresnaya lafresnayi
    11.5cm, bill curved, shining green with black on breast/belly, white undertail. Common in forests

41. Great Sapphirewing
    Pterophanes cyanopterus
    19cm, very long wings, tail forked, shining blue green above/below. Uncommon up to paramo

42. Collared Inca
    Coeligena torquata
    11.4cm, long bill, dark apart from large white breast patch, white in tail. Common in forests

43. Rainbow Starfrontlet
    Coeligena iris
    14cm, chestnut lower body below and above. Common on forest edge to open areas

44. Sword-billed Hummingbird
    Ensifera ensifera
    Unmistakable by extremely long bill, dark green. Uncommon in humid forest

45. Tourmaline Sunangel
    Heliangelus exortis
    10.2cm, bill short, green above, throat rose, undertail white, tail long & forked. Common in forest/borders

46. Purple-throated Sunangel
    Heliangelus viola
    12cm, dark metallic green, throat deep violet, tail long and forked. Common in forest and borders

47. Glowing Puffleg
    Eriocnemis vestitus
    8.9cm, green, throat blue, noted by large white leg puffs. Common in forests and more open areas

48. Green tailed Trainbearer
    Lesbia nuna
    16.5cm, of which 10cm long forked tail, mainly glittering green. Common in open areas

49. Tyrian Metaltail
    Metallura tyianthina
    9cm, green above, green throat, tail shining coppery maroon, white eye spot. Common on forest borders

50. Rufous-capped Thornbill
    Chalcostigma ruficeps
    10cm, bronzy green, male has chestnut cap, under tail coppery. Uncommon in humid forest

51. Rainbow-bearded Thornbill
    Chalcostigma herrani
    12cm, uniform earth-brown, rufous head crest, male has long coloured 'beard'. Uncommon in open areas

52. Long-tailed Sylph
    Aglaiocercus kingi
    18cm, bill short, mostly green, male with very long metallic blue tail. Common in humid forest

53. Purple-collared Woodstar
    Myrtis fanny
    8cm. Above dark bronzy green, male with dark purple throat bordered below by white band. Rare in drier scrub

54. White-bellied Woodstar
    Acestrura mulsant
    8.5cm, bill slight curve, very short tail, broad white breast patch. Fairly common in humid forest
    

    Coraciiform

55. Golden-headed Quetzal
    Pharomachrus auriceps
    33cm, golden bronze head, rest green, lower chest to rump red, tail black. Uncommon in humid forest

56. Masked Trogon
    Trogon personatus
    25cm, black mask, red chest to rump, rest green, undertail with 3 white bars. Common in humid forest
    

    Toucans

57. Emerald Toucanet
    Aulacorhynchus prasinus
    34cm, bill black with yellowish upper ridge, body grass-green. Fairly common in humid forest

58. Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan
    Andigena hypoglauca
    48cm, 3-coloured bill, black hood, blue-grey collar and chest. Call a long kuuuuaa. Quite common
    

    Woodpeckers

59. Crimson-mantled Woodpecker
    Piculus rivolii
    26cm, yellow on side of head, told by deep crimson on head and back. Common in forest and open areas

60. Golden-olive Woodpecker
    Piculus rubiginosus
    23cm, crown/nape crimson. Above mainly olivaceous, below banded olive/yellow. Headsides white. Open drier secondary forest

61. Smoky-brown Woodpecker
    Veniliornis fumigatus
    16cm, entirely uniform brown, with dark red cap. Uncommon in forest
    

    Woodcreepers

62. Tyrannine Woodcreeper
    Dendrocincla tyrannina
    25cm, uniform brown, bill stout and straight. Seen probing tree trunks. Uncommon in humid forest

63. Strong-billed Woodcreeper
    Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
    30cm, bill heavy, buff streaked head, throat & chest, above chestnut. On tree trunks, rare in humid forest

64. Montane Woodcreeper
    Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger
    19cm, slender, curved bill. Head brown dotted buff, back brown, belly brown streaked white. Common
    

    Oven Birds

65. Pale-legged Hornero
    Furnarius leucopus
    16.5cm, long, yellow legs, above bright rufous, below pale. Noisy. Common in dry valley and villages
    

    Spinetails

66. Azara's Spinetail
    Synallaxis azarae
    18cm, crown, shoulders and long tail rufous, rest grey. Common in thickets, not often seen

67. Rufous Spinetail
    Synallaxis unirufa
    18cm, like above but entirely bright rufous. Uncommon in undergrowth

68. Line-cheeked Spinetail
    Craniolueca antisiensis
    15cm, crown, wings, tail dark rufous, above olive-brown, throat white. Common in mid-strata of forest

69. Pearled Treerunner
    Margarornis squamiger
    14cm, back/wings/tail chestnut, eye-stripe/throat white, chest brown with white spots. Common on tree trunks

70. Streaked Tuftedcheek
    Psudocolaptes boissonneautii
    20cm, bill pointed, above brown, below cinnamon, white tufted neck/throat. Common in forest/open

71. Chapman's Antshrike
    Thamnophilus zarumae
    Tumbesian endemic only found in the lower, drier valley. Stocky with heavy barring. Common

72. Undulated Antpitta
    Grallaria squamigera
    23cm, large, above grey, below orange-buff, ground dwelling, hops on long legs in dense forest. Common

73. Chestnut-crowned Antpitta
    Grallaria ruficapilla
    20cm, crown/nape/headsides rufous, below olive, white throat. Call whistled wee-wu-woo. Commonly heard
    

    Tapaculos

74. Chusquea Tapaculo
    Scytalopus parkeri
    13cm, short tail, above brown, below pale. Dense thickets, rarely seen, call fast trill ti-ti-ti-ti-ti

75. Andean Tapaculo
    Scytalopus magnellanicus
    11.4cm, as above but entirely grey, below paler. In dense undergrowth, hard to see, but fairly common

76. Ocellated Tapaculo
    Acropternis orthonyx
    20cm, rarely seen. Body chestnut with obvious white spots, finer around head. Call clear whistle piuew
    

    Flycatchers

77. Black-capped Tyrannulet
    Phyllomyias nigrocapillus
    11cm, black cap, white eyebrow, dark olive above, yellow below. Common in forest/open

78. Golden-faced Tyrannulet
    Zimmerius chrysops
    9cm, above dark olive, forehead yellow, below grey into yellow, not distinctive. Uncommon

79. Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet
    Camptostoma obsoletum
    9cm, above olive/grey, 2 buff wing bars, below pale yellow. Common in forest to open areas

80. White-crested Elaenia
    Elaenia albiceps
    13cm, dark olive above, throat grey, below whitish. Common in forest to open areas

81. Sierran Elaenia
    Elaenia pallatangae
    14cm, above grey/olive, crest brown, 2 broad yellow wing bars, below yellow. Common in forest and open

82. White-tailed Tyrannulet
    Mecocerculus leucophrys
    10cm, crown grey, olive back, below grey into white, 2 yellow wing bars. Rare in forest and borders

83. White-banded Tyrannulet
    Mecocerculus stictopterus
    11cm, similar to above, longer tail, brown/olive above, white eyebrow. Common in forest & borders

84. Rufous-headed Pygmy-Tyrant
    Pseudotriccus ruficeps
    11cm, head/wings/tail rufous, above dull green, plump looking. Uncommon in forest and borders

85. Black-throated Tody-Tyrant
    Hemitriccus granadensis
    9cm, dark olive above, whitish face, chin dark, below pale. Uncommon in forest

86. Cinnamon Flycatcher
    Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea
    13cm, olive brown above, below cinnamon, often seen perched, call rattled trrrrrrrt. Common

87. Western Wood-Pewee
    Contopus sordidulus
    15cm, above dark grey, throat grey into white below, 2 grey/white wing bars. N.American migrant. Rare

88. Smoke-coloured Pewee
    Contopus fumigatus
    16cm, above dark grey below paler, cap of elongated feathers. Forest borders

89. Black Phoebe
    Sayornis nigricans
    15cm, mainly black, white belly, wing feathers edged white. Common along/near streams/rivers

90. Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant
    Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris
    12cm, chunky, above slaty black, white eyebrow, below deep chestnut. Common on borders & open

91. Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant
    Myiotheretes striaticollis
    23cm, dull brown above, throat streaked white/black, below cinnamon. Common in open

92. Dusky-capped Flycatcher
    Myiarchus tuberculifer
    17cm, dark cap, throat grey, below yellow, above dark olive. Common on forest borders and open

93. Greater Kiskadee
    Pitangus sulphuratus
    25cm, black crown bordered below by broad white band. Headsides black, throat white, above brown, below bright yellow. Open areas/villages

94. Tropical Kingbird
    Tyrannus melancholieus
    22cm, grey head, above grey/olive, throat grey, below yellow. Common in open areas/villages
    

    Cotingas

95. Green and Black Fruiteater
    Pipreola riefferii
    18cm, black head, underside yellow, above green, very plump looking. Uncommon in humid forest

96. Barred Fruiteater
    Pipreola arcuata
    22cm, black head, underside yellow barred black, above green, plump looking. Uncommon in forest

97. Brown-bellied Swallow
    Notiochelidon murina
    14cm, dark smoky grey below, tail forked, above black, wings/tail dusky. Common in flocks

98. Blue and White Swallow
    Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
    13cm, chin to belly white, above glossy blue, underwings paler. Common in flocks

99. Turquoise Jay
    Cyanolyca turcosa
    32cm, black facial marking, rest turquoise blue, noisy, in groups. Unmistakable. Common in forest

100. Fasciated Wren
     Campulorhynchus fasciatus
     18cm, crown greyish, mottled black, back banded black/white, below pale. Drier areas/villages

101. Rufous Wren
     Cinnycerthia unirufa
     18cm, tail long, all rufous brown, in undergrowth of humid forest. Common in groups

102. Plain-tailed Wren
     Thryothorus euophrys
     16.5cm, crown greyish brown, rufous above, long white eyestripe, below pale/white. Common in forest

103. House Wren
     Troglodytes aedon
     12cm, brown/grey above, faint pale eyestripe, below buff paler on throat. Common in open areas

104. Mountain Wren
     Troglodytes solstitialis
     10cm, smaller, more rufous than T.aedon, distinct eyestripe, below pale/buff. Uncommon in forest

105. White-capped Dipper
     Cinclus leucocephalus
     15cm, crown, throat, upper breast white, rest dark. In pairs only along clear rapid rivers. Common
     

     Thrushes

106. Andean Solitaire
     Myadestes ralloides
     18cm, plump, short bill, head & below grey, above brown/rufous. Very shy. Commonly heard in forest

107. Swainson's Thrush
     Catharus ustulatus
     18cm, uniform brown/olive above, below pale spotted black, pale eyering/stripe. Migrant, common when here

108. Great Thrush
     Turdus fuscater
     33cm, bill, eyering & legs orange, dark brown above, paler below, most common thrush in forest and open

109. Glossy-black Thrush
     Turdus serranus
     25cm, bill, eyering & legs orange, rest glossy black. Fairly common in forest and borders.

110. Rufous-browed Peppershrike
     Cyclarhis gujanensis
     16cm, heavy, hooked bill. Above olive/green, broad eyebrow rufous, throat yellow. Common in forest/open
     

     Warblers

111. Tropical Parula
     Parula pitiayumi
     10cm, above blue/grey, deep yellow below, face blackish, 2 white wing bars. Common in lower forests

112. Blackburnian Warbler
     Dendroica fusca
     12cm, N.Am.migrant, orange throat/breast & eyebrow, above black streaked white. Common in forest

113. Canada Warbler
     Wilsonia canadensis
     13cm, N.Am.migrant, grey above, below yellow with black line across chest, pale eyering. Fairly common

114. Slate-throated Redstart
     Myioborus miniatus
     13cm, head,throat & above slate grey, below yellow, white feathers in tail. Common in forest/borders

115. Spectacled Redstart
     Myioborus melanocephalus
     14cm, above grey, wings darker, below yellow, yellow spectacles, rufous crown. Common in forest/borders

116. Black-crested Warbler
     Basileuterus nigrocristatus
     13cm, olive/brown above, below yellow, crown stripe & eyestripe black. Common in forest/borders

117. Russet-crowned Warbler
     Basileuterus coronatus
     13cm, russet crown stripe bordered by black line, head grey, black eyestripe, above olive, below yellow. Common.

118. Three-striped Warbler
     Basileuterus tristriatus
     13cm, olive above, below white/yellow. Three broad whitish stripes on crown and brows. Uncommon in forest

119. Three-banded Warbler
     Basileuterus trifaciatus
     12cm, head grey, below grey/white, above olive. Eyestripe & 2 stripes on side of crown black. Comm.
     

     Tanagers

120. Golden-rumped Euphonia
     Euphonia cyanocephala
     11cm, crown & nape blue, face & above black, below and rump yellow. Uncommon on borders/open areas

121. Blue-backed Conebill
     Conirostrum sitticolor
     12cm, mostly black, glossy blue back, breast & below deep rufous. Commoner at high elevations/treeline

122. Capped Conebill
     Conirostrum albifrons
     12cm, male: mostly dull black with dark glossy blue cap. Fairly common in forest & borders

123. Bluish Flowerpiercer
     Diglossa caerulescens
     13cm, eye red, bill slender & hooked. Mostly dull dark blue/grey, below paler. Fairly common borders/open

124. Masked Flowerpiecer
     Diglossa cyanea
     14cm, eye bright red, black mask, rest deep rich blue, bill as above. Common in forest/borders/open areas

125. Black Flowerpiercer
     Diglossa humeralis
     13cm, entirely dull black, bill as above. Fairly common in borders, brush up to treeline, mainly non-forest

126. White-sided Flowerpiercer
     Diglossa albilatera
     12cm, male: blackish, female: olive brown, both with white patch on side of body & underwing. Common. open

127. Rusty Flowerpiercer
     Diglossa sittoides
     12cm, above bluish/grey, forehead/face black, below pale cinnamon. Rare, forest borders & pastures

128. Blue and Black Tanager
     Tangara vassorii
     14cm, mostly shining blue with black mask, wings and tail, blue bar on wing. Common in forest/borders/scrub

129. Silver-backed Tanager
     Tangara viridicollis
     12cm, crown/nape/wing/tail black, back shining silvery. Below mostly black. Uncommon in forest/shrubbery

130. Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager
     Anisognathus igniventris
     19cm, unmistakable, mainly black, patch near ear red, shoulders & rump blue, belly red. Common

131. Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager
     Anisognathus lacrymosus
     18cm, back black, rump blue, yellow spot near eye, wings/tail blue/black, below yellow. Common in forest

132. Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager
     Anisognathus flavinucha
     17cm, crown & below yellow, wings mostly blue, tail black/blue, face/above black. Fairly common

133. Hooded Mountain-Tanager
     Buthraupis montana
     22cm, big; black head, red eye, above mainly blue, below yellow. Common in forest and borders

134. Black-chested Mountain-Tanager
     Buthraupis eximia
     21cm, crown/nape blue, back green, face/throat black, below yellow. Uncommon in forest/shrubbery

135. Blue-grey Tanager
     Thraupis episcopus
     16cm, head/neck/below pale blue/grey, above darker blue. Common esp. in open areas

136. Blue-capped Tanager
     Thraupis cyanocephala
     17cm, crown/nape bright blue, small black mask, above olive, below blue/grey. Common borders/open

137. Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager
     Chlorospingus flavigularis
     13cm, above yellow/olive, grey near eye, throat yellow, below light grey. Uncommon in forest

138. Yellow-whiskered Bush-Tanager
     Chlorospingus parvirostris
     14cm, similar to above, no grey near eye, yellow on sides of throat. Fairly common in forest

139. Grey-hooded Bush-Tanager
     Cnemoscopus rubrirostris
     15cm, bill pink, grey head, above olive, below bright yellow. Common in forest and borders

140. Superciliaried Hemispingus
     Hemispingus superciliaris
     14cm, above olive/green, below bright yellow, obvious white eyestripe. Common forest/borders

141. Grass-green Tanager
     Chlorornis riefferii
     18cm, Unmistakable. Bill & legs red, face chestnut, rest bright grass green. Fairly common in forest
     

     Finches

142. Black-cowled Saltator
     Saltator nigriceps
     20cm, black head, thick red bill, rest grey, tail feathers tipped white. Common in scrub/open areas

143. Southern Yellow-Grosbeak
     Pheucticus chrysogaster
     20cm, head/breast/below yellow, above black with large white patches. Fairly common from forests to farms

144. Dull-colored Grassquit
     Tiaris obscura
     11cm, above grey/brown, wings browner, below lighter grey/brown, bill: above dark, below yellowish. Uncommon in lower drier valley

145. Paramo Seedeater
     Catamenia homochroa
     12cm, body dark slate, underside of tail chestnut. Occasionally in open areas. Uncommon

146. Saffron Finch
     Sicalis flaveola
     12cm, mostly bright yellow. Common around gardens and drier areas in small flocks

147. Pale-naped Brush-Finch
     Atlapetes pallidinucha
     16cm, head black, stripe on head starts cinnamon into white on nape. Above grey, below yellow. Common

148. Rufous-naped Brush-Finch
     Atlapetes rufinucha
     16cm, similar to above but head stripe all rufous, plus white spot on wing edge. Common. borders/open

149. Bay-crowned Brush-Finch
     Atlapetes seebohomi
     16cm, crown rufous, face black, above dark grey, below pale grey. Lower dry valleys. Tumbes.Endemic

150. Chestnut-crowned Brush-Finch
     Atlapetes brunneinucha
     18cm, back of head chestnut, face black, chin/breast white, above olive, below grey. Uncommon forest

151. Stripe-headed Brush-Finch
     Atlapetes torquatus
     19cm, head black with grey stripe above eye, above olive, below white. Common in forest undergrowth

152. Rufous-collared Sparrow
     Zonotrichia capensis
     14cm, head grey streaked-black, rufous collar, below grey, above brown streaked black. Common open

153. Shiny Cowbird
     Molothrus bonariensis
     22 cm, male glossy black, female duller, bill short, common around farms/cows, noisy

154. Mountain Cacique
     Cacicus leucorhamphus
     26cm, large, mainly black with yellow rump-obvious in flight. Common in noisy groups in forest

155. Yellow-billed Cacique
     Amblycercus holosericeus
     23cm, smaller than above, black, bill yellow, quite shy in humid forest

156. Scrub Blackbird
     Dives warszewiczi 2
     1-27cm, entirely black with greenish gloss, long tail. Common in drier open areas/farms

157. Hooded Sisken
     Carduelis magelanica
     12cm, head black, above olive yellow, below yellow, black wings with yellow marks. Common open/farm

     Only main families highlighted. New records: